Research Proposal on Differences Between Total Patient Care and Team Nursing

Nursing is a very important field and plays the role of defining the treatment which is to be given to a patient. Many hospitals in the world are faced with dilemma of dealing and providing total patient care and team nursing. This paper seeks to address the above issues and it comes up with a proposal of analyzing whether total patient care and team nursing is effective or non effective. The objective of the research will be to examine the concepts total patient care and the factors associated with its use in the team nursing. Introduction When it comes to maintenance of health, it is the role of the nurses to engage the necessary mechanisms which shall be able to promote effective health in the society. It would thus be necessary to come up with all engagements capable of improving delivery of service and promote performance. There has been great advancement in the health care system in our society today than in the past years. The medical technology has made it possible to provide total nursing care and team nursing to patients in a way that they feel secure and comfortable. This means that an individual’s life can be prolonged and hence patients living with health issues and the persistent mental condition can live for an indeterminate time (Knin, 2001). This is thus a proposal which shall be concerned with coming up with a system for management and performance towards provision of the best strategic plan on use of Total patient care and team nursing. This means that the plan shall be able to come with succinct recommendations which can effectively be adopted, and by so doing be able to improve the kind of engagement and enforcement. This proposed study will enhance information derivation and give possible opinions and solutions which have the capability of improving health of sick patients and provide better nursing care. Problem Statement In provision of patient care, it is necessary to make sure all issues have been carefully considered. These range from personalized care, safety issues, security and ethical concerns. We usually have two kinds of care: one is provided by a single nurse to a specific patient, also known as total patient care, while the other is team nursing. When providing patient’s care, these two options are available. However, the two will not produce similar results at the end of the day. Therefore there is the need to undertake a research study and establish the best kind of care for patients. Significance of Study Once the appropriate patient care method has been established from the study, it will be possible for medical facilities and institutions to influence the kind and nature of patient care given by nurses. The ultimate goal of any nursing practice is to provide the patient with the right care and eventually restore his or her health back. This study will therefore establish and motivate the best patient care approach between the two. Literature review Over the past years there have been diverse developments in nursing care which have which have been aimed at promotion service delivery on the patients. When it comes to maintenance of health especially for the individuals under care, it is the role of the nurses and doctors to engage the necessary mechanisms which shall be able to promote effective health in the society. It would thus be necessary to come up with all engagements capable of improving delivery of service and promote performance. There has been great advancement in the health care system in our society today than in the past years. The medical technology has made it possible to keep individuals suffering from mental diseases in places that they feel secure and comfortable. This means that an individual’s life can be prolonged and hence patients living with the persistent mental condition can live for an indeterminate time. A successful nursing assessment with regard to total patient care and team nursing     leaves a feeling of value in the case of the nurse and in the end one is motivated by the encounters linked to symptom relief. Being the first stage of the nursing process, assessment is taken to be the initial stage where the nurse takes a holistic and complete nursing assessment concerning the needs of the patient, regardless of the very reason of encounter (Kaur, 2010). Total patient care is defined as a holistic nursing care which provides all necessary care to an ailing patient. The concept of team nursing involve the philosophy in which   different group of professionals in the health sector work together to provide effective nursing care to patients. Like total nursing care, team nursing entails providing effective and comprehensive nursing needs to groups of patients. Total patient care and team nursing is very vital in the sense that it allows nursing and health institutions to provide all-inclusive and   holistic nursing care with specialized teams that   function at a high level of competence. Total nursing care entails a system that ensure nurses are available to provide all the needs a patient requires all the way from admission to discharge. This technique is effective in that the patient is able to build strong bond and confidence on the skills of the nurse assigned to him. This bond between the patient and nurse promote o fast rec overy and enhanced nurse-patient relationship. Major issue of total patient care and team nursing is that it’s very expensive. There is also lack of individual effort and lack of ability to communicate. Though it has many demerits and merits, the lesson people should learn is that total patient care and team nursing is vital and the personalized care of patients is infinitely valuable and it is not justifiable to treat them otherwise. Nurses have the duty of ensuring patients receive adequate care and treatment. Freedom and right to do things voluntarily is sacred and therefore each individual deserves respect and the notion behind seclusion should be reconsidered and reviewed (Slim, 2009). Objectives for the proposal To establish the best patient care between total patient care and team nursing. To act as guide for policy implementation for patient care To provide relevant information regarding use of total patient care and team nursing. To identify the current problems related with total patient care and team nursing. Research Methodology In order to ensure that the study will be conducted in a much intelligent manner, questionnaires will be used. These questionnaires will be pre-tested and as well as modified in an effective manner before starting the real field study and survey. Therefore, the research methodology will involve the use of two teams from the two types of patient care. Three groups for every team will be interviewed to come up with the rightful information about the nursing care practice. In that case, six nurses from each group will be interviewed through the use of questionnaires.   This is will be done by using a multi- care level aged care unit, a recovery ward and an acute unit in a large public hospital. Also, the questionnaires shall have to be coded, and data shall be analyzed through the use of SPSS computer software for analysis and interpretation (Sockett, 2005). This kind of analysis will also include a thorough comparison in the variance and the final analyzed data. It should be noted that some respondents shall be reached by the issuing of the questionnaires. Because of that, there will be the placing of the questionnaires through the internet. Through internet use, more and more individuals would be reached hence improving the quality of data that shall be obtained from the study. This would be able to give good information which would help in determining the major determining factors towards effective total patient care and team nursing (Gilbert, 2008). Data analysis and dissemination of findings. This study if approved, it shall be able to come up appropriate findings which shall be useful in ensuring that there has been the provision of the necessary modalities and engagements which shall be useful in encouraging the use of total patient care and team nursing. There shall be a production of a guide for policy which shall have to be adopted, and such shall be able to show the ability of the technique effectiveness. This shall be done by engaging the necessary engagement and mechanism which when adopted will lead to the realization of goals and objectives (Gilbert, 2008). Budget Expense Projected Amount ($) Personnel 5000 Equipment 10000 Purchase of Medicine 10000 Materials and Supplies 80,000 Consultant’s 20,000 Printing 500 Others 4500 Total direct cost 130,000 To obtain permission to conduct research on medical patients and their nest of kin will be grievous since the study will involve accessing of patient private files and ethically this will be against the medical policy of privacy and anonymity. Conducting interviews with colleagues and members of the public will raise the question of conflict of interest (Brian, 2009).    Discussion The research shall also adopt the use of focus group method in which the respondents shall be held in discussion on how to improve total patient care and team nursing, and ways in which it can be enhanced to meet global standards. This shall be done on arranged meetings in a month between a maximum of twenty respondents. In this way, the depth of information offered by a respondent will be of greater importance towards the development and promotion of effective nursing care to patients (Walker Avant, 1995). In order to analyse a qualitative data, the study shall adopt the use of cognitive mapping data displays. Data displays basically refer to how you will draw conclusions from your data. Such displays of organising information and viewing pictorial help in coming up with conclusive comments towards promoting effective total patient care and team nursing (Sunshine Coast Nursing, 2010). Conclusion Upon completion, this study shall be able to effectively establish the benefits of total patient care and team nursing. This kind of study and research is necessary in ensuring that appropriate engagements have been put in place which shall provide the necessary engagements which makes it possible to realize appropriate service delivery to patients and community at large. This study will provide the necessary protocols which address patient care n issues, and such would as well be worth adopting within any other organization or health facility within the world. Therefore, I believe the research study will be able to prove that team nursing is the best practice to provide the necessary care to the patient.

High Amount Of Stress Specially The University Teachers

Once believed to be a low-stressed profession, ‘teaching’ was the most pleasant occupation with less workloads and more flexibility. But today, studies reveal that the teachers undergo a high amount of stress specially the university teachers. Teaching is such a kind of unique profession in which the expectations of student’s guardians are very high regarding to the student’s educational progress, future carrier and about the establishment of the personalities of students along with education (Wilson, 2002). The present pilot study was conducted to identify the factors causing stress among the faculty of Graduate and Post Graduate colleges in Hyderabad, administering a questionnaire. A few coping strategies used by the faculty members to combat stress are also reviewed. Through the conclusions drawn from this study, it can be suggested that the management of the colleges should focus on three things, causes of stress, effects of stress and remedial measure s, to reduce the occupational stress of the faculty members. Care should be taken to identify the potential of the faculty members and recognize all of them to be equally important for the student development in particular and college development at large. This research is useful for not only the faculty members but also for the management and administration of colleges and for the students to some extent. Key words: Occupational stress, Causes of stress, Emotional stress, coping strategies, Stress management.Show MoreRelatedHigh Amount Of Stress Among Students1313 Words   |  6 Pagespleasant occupation with less workloads and flexibility. But today, studies reveal that the teachers undergo a high amount of stress specially the university teachers. 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Business Economics Business Economic Decisions

Question: Define the Business Economics for Business Economic Decisions. Answer: Introduction Economic models help us to better understand the how the different entities in the economy interact with each other and how they make their economic decisions. In any country economic issues occupy an important place in the lives of people. The governments follow policies that lead to the creation of more assets and employment. Moreover it creates more revenues by taxing different industries like tobacco industry. The government is also a consumer in some cases and would follow pragmatic economic policies in making purchases like defence equipment. 1: An economic model establishes a quantitative or logical relationship between two or more variables with the objective of explaining complex economic processes. In any economy scarce resources are used for production of goods and services (Baumol, and Blinder, 2012). There is interaction between the producers, consumers and government. This gives rise to many economic situations and models use mathematical techniques to explain such situations. Economic models are developed by collecting and analyzing data to discover patterns and understand in a better way how things happen in the economy. Thus economic models are of immense use as economies of the world have become very dynamic and unpredictable and important economic decisions have to be taken by governments, firms and consumers (Gans, Mankiw and King, 2011). Economic models are based on certain assumptions. The law of demand is a very important and popular economic model. According to this model, other things remaining the same as the price of a commodity rises, its demand would fall. On the other hand if the price falls the demand of the commodity would rise. This model is validated by the economic data collected over the years. Thus it is not enough to just generate an economic model, it has to be proved to be correct. The law of demand predicts the behavior of the consumers (Baumol and Blinder, 2012). There are many uses of economic models which are useful in academics for explaining complex economic situations to students. Further these models are useful in making economic policies, allocation of resources by firms and providing justification by government for adopting a particular economic policy. But it has to be understood that construction of economic models that can explain or predict economic behavior or developments is not an easy task. A large amount of data has to be collected which is accurate. Further advanced skills are required to analyze this data and arrive at correct conclusions. Generation of such models requires mostly quantitative and in certain cases qualitative analysis of data. The developments in the economic world are very complex and intricate. There are many forces interacting with each other in the market and different combinations can give rise to developments which are not sometimes explained or predicted by the existing economic models (Gans, Mankiw and King, 2011). These models have their limitations also because they are based on certain assumptions and approximations. But still the existing economic models have a very important role to play and the economists must continue to make efforts to develop better economic models that help different ent ities to understand how the economic forces work so that better economic decisions can be made which would benefit the society as a whole. 2: In Australia there are people who buy housing properties by taking loans and give them on rent. In many cases the interest paid on such loan in a year and other costs incurred on the housing property like maintenance charges are less than the rent received on that property in that year. This is a situation of negative gearing. In this case the owner of the housing property is making a net loss on the property for those years. Still people invest in such housing properties as the owner of the property expects capital gains in future by selling the property. The government of Australia, allows deduction of net loss on such properties incurred by owners every year from their incomes for the purpose of calculation of their income tax. Thus they have to pay lesser taxes. The idea is to ultimate promote employment by creating more demand for housing property. But this is criticized also as it reduces governments income. Moreover it is argued that it is only the big investors in the housing sector who benefit from this scheme and youngsters and first time buyers of housing property are driven out of the market due to high prices of property created by the speculation practices of big investors. Labour party of Australia has proposed to reduce this tax relief given to the property buyers by changing the negative gearing policy. If there is complete removal of this negative gearing, then it would have effect on the demand for housing property in Australia. In this case the law of demand and supply would apply (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2010). As the tax relief provided in the situation of negative gearing is removed, the demand for housing property would go down. The situation is shown in the diagram given below: Figure 1 : Effect of removal of negative gearing on demand for housing property It becomes clear from the above diagram that the price of the housing property is shown on the X axis and the quantity of housing property is shown on the Y Axis. D2 D3 is the demand curve showing the aggregate demand for housing property in Australia. SS1 is the supply curve showing the aggregate supply of housing property in Australia. In this case P1 is the equilibrium price. As there is a change in one of the factors other than price, that is, the taxation policy of the government, the demand curve shifts to the left and DD1 is the new demand curve. P is the new equilibrium price for housing property. It is estimated if the Labour Party proposal to remove negative gearing to a certain extent are implemented, then, growth in housing prices would slow down to an increase of 2.6% (Smh.com.au, 2016). Earlier in the Mckell Institutes forecast it was predicted that housing prices would grow by 3.9% under old rules of negative gearing, over the next 10 years (Switzer.com.au, 2016). Further a research by SQM shows Australian house prices would fall by a combined 4% over 2018, 2019 and 2020 (Domain.com.au, 2016). 3. The Australian government charges excise tax of $ 0.53733 per stick of cigarette (www.ato.gov.au, 2016). So the excise tax that the government would charge on a packet of 20 Cigarettes is 0 .53733 * 20 = 10. 74 dollars. In case the government of Australia increases the goods and services taxes to be paid by the sellers of tobacco products, it would lead to an increase in the prices of these products charged by the sellers from the consumers. This would lead to decrease in demand for tobacco products as shown in the figure given below: Figure 2 : Decrease in demand for tobacco products as taxes are increased In the figure given above DD1 is the demand curve. As the price of tobacco product is increased from B to A, its quantity demanded decreases from P to Q. In Australia if an entity produces or stores tobacco products then it must have an excise license and has to pay excise duty. Further if the business entity imports tobacco, then it has to pay custom duty. In August 1998, the Australian Government announced a 'per stick' tobacco excise system to replace the existing weight based system. The federal excise on tobacco was changed from bi-annual indexation based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to bi-annual indexation based on average weekly ordinary time earnings (AWOTE) in 2014. The excise rates on tobacco products charged by the Australian government are as follows: (www.ato.gov.au, 2016). Product Rate from 1 March 2016 Tobacco, Cigars, Cigarettes and Snuff In stick form not exceeding in weight .8 grams per stick actual tobacco content $0.53733per stick Other $ 671.68 per kilogram of tobacco content A goods and services tax is a tax levied by the federal government of Australia at the rate of 10% on the supply of many goods and services by entities which have been registered for the tax. Such tax is also to be paid on the sale of tobacco products in Australia. A business entity would include the goods and services tax in the sale price it charges for the product being sold by it. So ultimately the burden of the goods and services tax is passed on to the consumer. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in Australia on 1st July 2000. Further if an individual imports tobacco products into Australia, then it has to pay custom duty. Price elasticity of demand measures the effect of a change in the price of a product on the quantity demanded of the product by the consumers (Besanko and Braeutigam , 2010). The price elasticity of demand is calculated by dividing percentage change in quantity demanded with percentage change made in the price of the product. Price elasticity of demand can be highly elastic or even inelastic. In case of price elasticity being highly elastic the proportionate change in quantity demanded of a product would be higher than the proportionate change in its price. In case of inelasticity, there would be no change in quantity demanded of a product in response to a change in its price. In Australia the number of people who smoke has been decreasing also due to the rising prices of tobacco products in the country. Thus the price elasticity of demand for tobacco products in Australia is significant. The producers of tobacco products have to be cautious when they decide to increase the prices of their products as this would lead to much lesser total revenues for them in future. The producers need to have specific information regarding the price elasticity of demand for their products if they want to forecast their total revenues and also set prices of their products. If the price elasticity of demand for a product is high, there would be a greater degree of change in total revenues of a firm if price is changed. In Australia the rising prices of tobacco products from local manufacturers has led to more illegal smuggling of these products from Asian countries which cost significantly less. The producers of tobacco products in Australia can reduce the price elasticity of demand for their products by through different measures like effective advertising and promoting brand loyalty among the consumers. They can make better products. 4: The Australian government has decided to give the contract for building twelve submarines to a French company. There were other firms also from different countries which had applied to the Australian government for the contract (Abc.net.au, 2016). There existed competition among the different manufacturers of the submarines and there are obviously other countries in the world which purchase such nuclear submarines. Thus there are a number of buyers and sellers of submarines in the world market. Moreover there is sufficient amount of product differentiation in this industry. This is a situation of monopolistic competition between the firms (Yourarticlelibrary.com, 2016). The Australian government wanted to take full advantage of this competition by buying submarines from only one of these firms. As one single contract for twelve submarines is a more lucrative and bigger contract, this would have meant that the companies were more willing to bring their price down to win the contract. Moreover they were more willing to make non price concessions in the form of the technology transfer, making the submarines in Australia employing Australian labour, etc. A manufacturing firm would enjoy economies of scale as it produces more and its operations become larger. There are internal and external economies of scale. The Australian government is in the process of developing infrastructure for shipbuilding in the country. Already things have been put in motion to manufacture frigates and patrol vessels in the area. As the French firm would make the nuclear submarines in Australia, the shipbuilding industry in Australia would develop and firms would enjoy many external economies of scale like improvement in transport and communication facilities, availability of specific machinery required for shipbuilding, technicians, etc (economicsonline.co.uk, 2016). Moreover by giving the contract of making all the twelve submarines to one company, the Australian government has provided the company an opportunity to enjoy economies of scale like using the same administrative staff for a bigger project, making bulk purchases and spreading its other costs over a bigger project with more returns for the company. All these factors must have been noticed by the French company and also other defence manufacturers. The figure given below shows how the average costs of a firm decline over a period of time as it enjoys economies of scale. But after a certain point there are also diseconomies of scale due to more complexity in operations. Source: Economicsonline.co.uk Figure 3 : Effect of economies and diseconomies of scale One another reason for the decision of the Australian government to award the contract for all the twelve submarines to French company only would be the security reason. If submarines were purchased from more companies then sensitive information relating to defence would have to be shared with more entities. Moreover by involving one company the work on the project would be faster and costs of coordination would be less even during the implementation. Conclusion The merit of an economic model also lies in the fact that how easy it is easy to understand and how far reaching are the implications of its predictions. It should provide a solution to existing problems. A producer has to be aware that there are different forces that exist in the market and these are capable of affecting the firms efforts to make more profits or rein in production costs. The economic policies of a country also sometimes change with the change in political power. References Abc.net.au, (2016). Australian Submarines To Be Built In Adelaide After French Company DCNS Wins $ 50B Contract. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-26/pm-announces-france-has-won-submarine-contract/7357462 (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Baumol, W. and Blinder, A. (2012). Microeconomics. 12th (edn.) United States Of America: South Western Cengage Learning. Besanko, D. and Braeutigam, R. (2010). Microeconomics. 4th (edn.) United States Of America: John Wiley And Sons. Domain.com.au, (2016). Federal Election 2016: House Prices To Fall, Rents To Rise Under Labour Negative Gearing Policy. Available at: https://www.domain.com.au/news/federal-election-2016-house-prices-to-fall-rents-to-rise-under-labor-negative-gearing-policy-20160621-gpoae4/ (Accessed: 19 August 2016). economicsonline.co.uk, (2016) Available at: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Economies_of_scale.html (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Gans, J. , Mankiw, G. and King, S. (2011). Principles Of Microeconomics. United Kingdom: Cengage Learning. Smh.com.au, (2016). Election 2016: House Price Growth To Slow Under Labours Negative Gearing Policy, Says Labour Think Tank. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2016/election-2016-house-price-growth-to-slow-under-labors-negative-gearing-policy-labor-think-tank--20160526-gp4krp.html (Accessed: 19 August 2016). Switzer.com.au, (2016). Will Labours Negative Gearing Changes Crush House Prices. Available at: https://www.switzer.com.au/the-experts/peter-switzer-expert/will-labors-negative-gearing-changes-crush-house-prices/ - (Accessed: 19 August 2016). www.ato.gov.au, (2016). Excise Rates For Tobacco: Australian Government. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/business/excise-and-excise-equivalent-goods/tobacco-excise/excise-rates-for-tobacco/ (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Yourarticlelibrary.com, (2016). Seven Most Important Features of Monopolistic Competition. Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/7-most-important-features-of-monopolistic-competition/9154/ (Accessed: 20 August 2016).